update 4th May 2009NO EXTENSION OF US WITHDRAWAL DATE FROM CITIES By VOA News The Iraqi government says the June 30 deadline for U.S. troops to withdraw from urban areas in Iraq cannot be extended.Iraqi spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh said Monday the government is committed to the departure timeline in the U.S.-Iraqi security agreement. A rise in violence has prompted concern about whether Iraqi forces are ready to take over security responsibilities. Last week, U.S. commanders were considering whether they may need to keep forces in the northern city of Mosulbeyond the June deadline, if Iraqi authorities ask them to stay. The security agreement calls for American forces to pull back from cities by the end of June and the from rest of the country by the end of 2011. In the latest violence, a car bomb exploded near the Iraqi Oil Ministry in Baghdad Monday, killing one person and wounding three others. Some information for this report was provided by AP and Reuters.(Who would be interested to stir violence and prolong US Troop invasion? Editor J.B.) Let the Numbers SpeakBy Dr. Souad N. Al-Azzawi, Dear Friends, I pride myself in being a scientist and a researcher. I built my academic career on theories and numbers. As a teacher, I teach my students that everything is based in science - everything has reason. For this reason, I am always frustrated with myself when I find I am overwhelmed with feelings on specific topics. One such topic is the occupation of my country, Iraq. On this subject I find that I cannot always be dispassionate. I cannot be the researcher and observer and discuss it without feeling or emotion as I am sometimes expected to do. I find myself doing research on the damages caused by the war and occupation, and my head buzzes with anger, my eyes burn with tears of desperation at the state of my country. Six years after the attack and the pain is as fresh and cutting as it was in March 2003. This year, I decided, I would view it as a scientist. I would not attack the subject with emotion. I would let the numbers speak for themselves. This year I will sit back and play the part of the analyst- the researcher- on this topic that is closest to my heart. Six years into the occupation - 72 months of destruction - $607 Billions spent on the war - 2 Million Barrels of oil being sold per day - 2 Million Displaced Iraqis inside of Iraq - 3 Million Iraqis forced to leave the country - 2615 professors, scientists, and doctors killed in cold blood - 338 dead journalists - $13 Billion misplaced by the current Iraqi government - $400 Billion required to rebuild the Iraqi infrastructure - 3 hours average of electricity daily - 24 car bombs per month - 7 major mafias running the country - 4260 Americans dead - 10,000 cases of cholera per year - 50 of my friends dead - 22 of my relatives dead - 15 abductions of close relatives and people I know and love - At least 1.3 million Iraqis dead since 2003. Six years into the occupation and somehow, the numbers are not looking better. Year after dismal year, the numbers of dead and displaced grow as we continue to reap the rewards of an American occupation on our country. So the numbers speak for themselves. Six. Six months is what it took for most Iraqis to realize no good could come of this war and occupation. Six years is what it has taken the rest of the world. Six years, six million Iraqis displaced inside and outside of Iraq- well over a million Iraqis dead or dying inside of the country. As a scientist, as a researcher- it is a disaster that will never be sufficiently documented with numbers or words. As a researcher, the numbers are so astounding that we go back and recalculate to make sure they are real. As an Iraqi, it is enraging. The numbers and statistics fill me with a rage and shame that make my heart throb and my blood boil. Its a rage towards all who are silent and uncaring, and a shame at the little we all are doing. Souad N. Al-Azzawi Associate Professor, Baghdad, Iraq March26/2009 Dr. Souad Naji Al-Azzawi is a former Vice-President of Mamoun University of Scientific Affaires; former professor of environmental engineering at Baghdad Univ., recipient of the 2003 Nuclear-Free Future Award for her work on environmental contamination after the Gulf War in Iraq. She published 50 Papers in hazardous Waste management and Radiological Pollution from the use of Depleted Uranium Weapons in Iraq. Dr. Souad Al-Azzawi's essential studies and articles, published by the BRussells Tribunal:
CRIMES OF THE CENTURY Crimes of the Century:
Occupation & Contaminating Iraq with Depleted Uranium Dr. Souad N. Al-Azzawi
- Associate Professor in Environmental Engineering, Iraq 1 CONTENT 1.0. Introduction
.
(p 2) .1. 1 2.0. Status of the
Environment and Human Population under US Occupation (2003
to date)
.
(p6) .0. Contamination of
Iraq with Depleted Uranium
(p14) 3 4.0. Synergic Health
Effects as a result of using DU weapons on starving,
depressed population of Iraq
.
(p20) .1. Violations of Occupation to International
Humanitarian Law
.
. (p23) 4 .0. Conclusions
(p24) 5 Cited Works
.
(p25) 1.0 Introduction After thirteen years
of the devastation of an entire country through the
implementation of the criminal economic sanctions that
were imposed by the United States of America and the
United Nations on Iraq, the US administration decided to
invade Iraq. Gulf War I and the
destruction of Iraqs economy, education, health
care system, and society through the continuous bombing
and attacks of the illegal No Fly Zones, were all part of
the plan to invade Iraq and take over one of the richest
oil reserve countries in the Middle East region. Pirating
Iraqs wealth is an advanced step to control and
manipulate global economy. New generations of
conventional and banned weapons were used in the invasion
of Iraq military operations from March 19th April
9th of 2003. Table 1 shows some of the weapons that were
used during the invasion and then, the continuous
occupation of Iraq [1]. Other illegal weapons
are cluster bombs & munitions [2], Napalm bombs [3],
white phosphor [4] and Depleted Uranium weapons [5]. 1 War on Iraq:
weapons. www.cnn.com/specials/2003/iraq/weapons/index.htm 2 Table 1
Weapons used during military operations of Iraqs
invasion and occupation [1] Munitions Ground
Weapons 2.Simon Helweg-Larsen, "Irregular Weapons Used against Iraq". ZNET http://www.znet.org/welser.htm,April 2003. 3 Sarah Meyer What Kind of Incendiary Bomb Was Used Against People in Iraq http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=1226 November 14, 2005. 4 Steven D. "US Army Admits Use of White Phosphorus as Weapon". Daily KOS. 5
Scott Peterson Remains of Toxic Bullets Litter Iraq, May
18, 2003, Christian Science Monitor. 1.1 The invasion of Iraq Military operations have resulted in the following environmental damages: 1. Nitrogen, Sulfur, Carbon oxides from explosions of conventional bombs and weapons. 2. Soot and Hydrocarbon plumes from burning thousands of barrels of oil from oil wells and pits surrounding Baghdad and other cities. Smoke and soot from burning crude petroleum generates toxic and carcinogenic [6] substances like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs, dioxins, furan, Mercury and Sulfur. Black soot plumes covered Baghdad and other cities for more than weeks during the invasion operations. 3. Thermal heat and pollution as a result of using Napalm and other heat generating weapons. 4. Noise pollution from the Shock and Awe attack on the civilian population of the major Iraqi cities where noise intensity exceeded 130db, close to the threshold of pain to human beings. 5. Increase of total suspended solids (TSP) in the air due to the invading forces heavy artilleries traffic & deep earth bombardment using Bunker Buster bombs and other earth penetrating missiles. Modeling dust storms during Gulf War 1, 1991 indicated an increase of the frequency of dust storms events from 10% of the days annually to 18% due to huge soil disturbance between Kuwait and Iraq [7]. 6. Electromagnetic pollution from the use of laser guided missiles, radars and advanced electronic devises. Increase of electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere cause the ionization of the atmosphere. Ionization of atmosphere generates free oxygen radicals. Formation of these radicals can cause serious related diseases like anxiety, depression, and pregnancy problems. Higher rates of cardiovascular disease and Cancer were diagnosed in areas of early radar systems [8]. 7.
Ionized radiation from the use of Depleted Uranium
weapons in highly populated areas like Baghdad, Smawa,
Basra , and other cities as will be explained next
section [9] [10]. 6 Baghdad Fires Pose Health Risks, War in Iraq, UNEP, March 13, 2003. 7 Draxler R. R., et al, Estimating PM10 Air concentrations from Dust storms in Iraq, Kuwait and Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Atmospheric Environment vol35:4115-4330. 8 Ammash, H,Toxic Pollution, the Gulf War, and Sanctions. Iraq Under Siege. Edited by Anthony Arnove. South End Press. Cambridge Massachusetts, 2001. 9
Nadeshda, 2004. The use of depleted Uranium. http://www.nadeshda.org 1.0 Deadly waste returned to US Forces, Green Peace, June 24,2003 8. Surface and ground water pollution as a result of: a. Fuel and toxic chemicals under storage tanks rupture as a result of bombing and explosions, looting of industrial complexes, and Iraqi military camps and bases. b. Sewage water accumulation as a result of sewer network destruction. Sewage water percolated to shallow ground water then to nearby water courses. c. Polluted rain storms and runoff as a result of dissolution of previously mentioned air pollutants. d. Pathogen water pollution like cholera, typhoid, infectious habitats and malaria from all the sewage and polluted runoff inflow to rivers. 9. Land and soil degradation as a result of explosions and heavy artilleries traffic and sewage flooding of huge areas of Baghdad and other major cities in addition to the accumulation of garbage. 10.
Contamination of Al-Tuwaitha (Iraqi Atomic Commission
complex) where about 600 Tons of natural Uranium and
Cobalt 60 containers were looted after spilling this
radioactive waste on the ground of the complex and
surrounding areas. Green peace radioactivity
measurements of Tuwaitha village reached (1300-10,000)
times natural background [10]. 11.
Radiological contamination of parts of Al-Jazeera high
land of Mosul Uranium Extraction site. The looters took
highly contaminated Uranium extraction instruments and
destroyed the radioactive waste ponds causing serious
ground water contamination in the area [11]. 11 Al-Azzawi, S. N.
et al, "Environmental Damages of Military Operations
During the Invasion of Iraq 2003 World
International Tribunal, Istanbul, Turkey. June 2005 ___________________________________________ 2.0 Status of the Environment and Human Population under US Occupation (2003 to date) After announcing the
end of the Iraqs invasion military operations on
May 1st, 2003, the occupation of Iraq by the United
States of America became a reality. The international
community was stunned by the cruelty of the event, and by
the emergence of a modern day colonial era. The occupation forces allowed, and in cases supervised, the destruction and looting of National Museums, civil service centers, governmental ministries, food ration storages, industrial complexes, mines, etc. as part of the invasion operation to create a state of chaos that allowed the invading forces to rearrange the situation in Iraq as if it were one of their video games. Paul Bremer, the Bush administrations assigned Civil Governor dissolved the Iraqi Armed Forces and security forces in Iraq, allowing the country to spiral into violence and blood, as was planned by the Occupying forces. The occupation-assigned government was selected to satisfy implementing the Washington DC pre-written new Iraqi constitution, to change the demographic structure of Iraq in order to take over its oil wealth. Iraqs population is mainly composed of 80-85% Arabs and 15-20% Kurds [12]. In order to pull Iraq away from its surrounding Arabic environment, the occupiers constitution officially divided Arabs in Iraq into Shiia and Sunni sects, a division based on sect/religion- something the American constitution itself forbids to discriminate upon in America. The main reason behind this was to rely on and award the Kurdish and Iranian-descendent Shiia (non-Arab) to help the United States invading and conquering the country. The American media kept repeating statements like Sunni Arabs to create a misleading image and idea that the Arabs are not a majority, but only a minority in Iraq. If we take into consideration the constitutional religious and sectarian differences alone, the Sunnis (being Arabs and Kurds) would also constitute the majority in the country, the Kurds being 98% Sunni Muslims. The occupation decided to adopt a (sectarian-ethnic) basis in the constitution to divide the country into three major parts (Northern Kurdistan region, Southern Shiia region and a Middle Sunni Region). Changing
the national identity of a country is not as easy as it
seems. The USA and its local allies (Kurds and Iranian)
have to commit a genocide against the Arab population (first
the Sunni then the Shiia) to properly change the
demography and nationality of Iraq as it has been 12
Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. http://encarta.msn.com.
planned in the
Greater Middle East Project. Figure 1 shows the planned
division of current countries in the Greater Middle
Eastern Project [13]. Figure 1 Greater Middle Eastern Project [13] A few weeks after announcing the end of Iraqs military invasion operations, Iraqi resistance of the occupation had already begun. The military resistance in Iraq is mainly comprised of anti-occupation civilians and some of the 600,000 unemployed former personnel of the Iraqi army and security forces, which were dissolved (personnel still fully equipped with their weapons). These Iraqi forces knew of locations of weapons ammunition stock piles that were distributed all over the country, pre-planned to be used in a Guerilla type Warfare in the case of occupation. The
American Administration not anticipating the ferocity of
the resistance, decided to use what they call the
previously prepared Terrorism and Al-Qaeda
doctrine to describe all types of occupation
resistance in Iraq. According to which, they brutally
attack and kill civilians, destroy villages, cities and
any place that assists and/or sympathizes with the
occupation resistance. The resistance kept accelerating
the number and impact of their operations, the Occupation
Army started losing control of the situation. 13
Nazerouya, M. D., Plans for redrawing the Middle
East: The Project For a New Middle East. http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=3882
Nov. 18,2006. In June 2004, the UN amended resolution 1546 to form an Iraqi government under occupation and promised to end the occupation during 2005 [14]. In reality intellectuals in Iraq know this is one way to dismiss the Occupying Forces from their responsibilities towards the occupied country according to international humanitarian law. It is also an efficient way to get new Iraqi National Guard and security forces assembled with Kurdish Peshmerga, the pro-Iranian Shiia militias, and involve them in taking responsibility for the sectarian blood bath that has been taking over the country, all in favor of implementing the new constitution that will ultimately disintegrate Iraq into three separate regions [15]. With the help of thousands of Foreign Security Contractors (e.g. Black water) [16] and local death squads tens of thousands of innocent people were killed [17]. Torture and illegal imprisonment of citizens, besieging and blockading of entire cities and centers were spreading maniacally throughout the country (with the exception of Kurdistan area). Serious violations of humanitarian law have been committed by the US administration and military authorities that can be considered as war crimes [18]. More than 1.1 million were killed or died since the beginning of the military operations in 2003 [19] [20]. This is not necessarily in armed conflicts, but in a massive killing plan achieved through the following: 1. Intentional killing and forced migration of medical doctors and health care personnel [21]. It is estimated that more than 40% of hospitals health care personnel fled or got killed during occupation and governmental forces attacks on hospitals. Without healthcare, more people died including children, women and the elderly. 2. Taking over hospitals and health care centers by assigning snipers to nearby rooftops in order to murder any patient in need of immediate medical care, as was the case in the battle of Falluja and Haditha and many other incidents [22]. 3.
Direct killing of patients inside hospitals in what
appears to be occupational encouraged sectarian driven
violence. 14 Amnesty International "CARNAGE AND DESPAIR: Iraq five years on". Al Indea No:MDE-14/001/2008 March 2008. 15 Robert Fisk: Somebody is trying to provoke a civil war. ABC- Australia -Lateline. Reporter Tony Jones 3/2/2006 16 Pierre Trisitam, Black Water Mess: Unaccountable Mercenaries? About. Com. Middle East Issues. www.middleeast.about.com/od/iraq/a/meo/103.htm 17 Fuller, M. Crying Wolf: Medical Disinformation and Death Squads in Occupied Iraq Global Research. Feb 13, 2006 http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051110&articleId=1230 18 Consumers for peace."War Crimes Committed by the United States in Iraq and Mechanisms for Accountability with the advice of Karen Parker. Oct.10, 2007. http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/war_crimes_iraq_101006.pdf 19 ORB. "US Invasion and Occupation killed one Million in Iraq". ICH. By AFP 31/1/2008 20 David Godner "American Genocide in the Middle East: Three Million and Counting". Global Research, Aug. 13, 2000 21 Dahr Jamail, Iraqi Hospitals Ailing under Occupation" World Tribunal on Iraq, Istanbul, Turkey June 24, 2005. http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/HealthcareUnderOccupationDahrJamail.pdf 22 Stop the violations of the right to health, 2005. http://www.brusselstribunal.org/healthworkers.htm _________________________________________________ 4. Cutting all kinds of medicine and life supporting systems and aids when attacking cities and villages refuse the existence of occupation forces in their areas. The occupation and governmental forces attacked Fallujahs medical infrastructure as they did in, Diyala, Haditha, Al-Qaim, Tal Aafar, Ramadi, Al-Sadre, Basrah and Samara cities to name few. 5. Denying conflict area residents potable water, acquiring food [233] and sanitation services to force them to live amongst their own waste for months at end. A method similar to using biological pathogens warfare in civilian areas to get rid of as much people in those areas as possible. In Baghdad alone areas like Khadraa, Amyria and Aadhamia to name a few, have gone through this dilemma. 6. Attacking religious centers, and places of worship (Mosques and Chapels) and mass killing of the worshippers inside, not to mention violations of their basic human rights to practice their beliefs. 7. Intentional assassination of Academics, engineers, civil service personnel, journalists, and International Organizations staff [24]. Forcing professionals to flee the country caused the Iraqi government to depend on foreign companies like Halliburton and Bechtel to rebuild the country, companies who have been robbing the country blind for the past five years with no reconstruction. About 4.5 million forcefully displaced Iraqis fled their country or homes and cities, 2.5 million of them are internally displaced inside Iraq [25]. Another 1.5 million In Syria and 0.5 in Jordan Table 2 shows approximately the numbers of Iraqi forced immigration in different countries. Table 2 Numbers of
forcefully displaced Iraqi [25] [26]
Inside
Iraq........................................................2,000
000 23 BBC Arabic Humanitarian Condition in Iraq is the mot dangerous in the World. March 16, 2008. 24 List of Killed, threatened, and kidnapped Iraqi Academics. http://www.brusselstribunal.org/academicsList.htm. 25 UN refugee Studies Center "Iraqi displacement crisis: The search for solution", In Forced Migration review special report, June 2007. 26
Statistics on Displaced Iraqis around the world. Global
Overview Sept. 2007. Published on http://www.brusselstribunal.org/Refugees.htm 8. Excessive use of power and illegal weapons by the occupation and government forces on civilians in attacked cities. Collective punishments of women, children, and elders have added more victims in areas of conflicts [27]. Mass Killing of civilians in Falluja, Haditha, Mahmoudia, Ishaky Diyala, Baaquba, Al-Qaiem, Arab Juboor and other areas are all considered as grave breaches of International Humanitarian Law and war crimes.[18 ] 9. Starvation and war induced poverty includes more than 50% of the Iraqi population[28] whom live in an oil rich country with approximately 70% of the youth unemployed who have to survive in a crushed economy plagued with inflation. 10. Mass killing have resulted in the great suffering of about three million widows and Four and a half million orphans [28] without financial support, most of which dropped out of school abandoned their education in order to feed their families [29]. Hardship
that resulted from the lack of non-electrical power
service. In Baghdad, most areas get 2 hrs/day of
electricity [30] [31]. Serious consequences resulted from
this problem such as the inability to operate medical
services, pumping stations of potable water and sewage
collection and delivery to treatment stations. Also the
inefficiency of fully operating sewage treatment plants
caused huge pathogenic pollution in two major Iraqi
rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Figure 2 shows the failure
in drinking water bacteriological tests in each
governorate as of 2004 [32]. With lack of medical
services thousands of children and other Iraqi citizens
died from the failure of Sanitation even in the capitol
of Iraq, Baghdad [33]. 27 Meda, A., Saruta, S., and Inamori, K. The Excessive Use of Weapons and Banned Weapons. ICTI. World Tribunal on Iraq, Istanbul, Turkey, 2005. 28 Voices of Iraq (VOI): 4.5 million orphans in Iraq a tragic situation new official report, Jan 2008. 29 Al-Azzawi, Souad Deterioration of Iraqi Womens Rights and Living Conditions Under Occupation. http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/WomenUnderOccupation.pdf and http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7785 Jan, 2008. 30 Oxfam Briefly Paper 105: Rising to the humanitarian challenge in Iraq. July, 2007 31 Human Rights Watch, Off Target: The conduct of the war and civilian casualties in Iraq. Dec. 2003. 32 Al-Omer, M. "State of Environment in Iraq" Ministry of Environment Annual Report. Volume I, Urban Environment. Baghdad, Iraq, 2005 33
Glanz, J. Hepatitis outbreak laid to water and
sewage failure New York Times, Sept. 25, 2004. Figure 2
Failure in bacteriological Tests in Iraqi Governorates in
the year 2004 [32] Total failure in
controlling environmental quality parameters all over
Iraq. Concentrations of air and water pollutants are
permanently higher than International Standard. Figures 3,
4 and 5 Show some of these environmental quality
measurements [32]. Figure 3 Mean
monthly suspended particles concentration in the air in
Baghdad city in the year of 2004 [32] Figure 4 Monthly average Air Lead Concentrations in Baghdad/Andalus Monitoring
center, 2004 [32] Figure 5 Monthly average Lead concentration in settled dust from air at different places in Iraq in 2004 [32] (NOT AVAILABLE) Bulldozing hundreds of acres of green date palms, orange and lemon trees in central and eastern areas of Baghdad as a collective punishment for farmers whom refuse to supply the occupation forces with information about the resistance fighters [34]. Deforesting these areas cause total damage to all related ecological settings and species in these areas, and increased desertification in an already semi arid country like Iraq . As we
can see, major breaches to the Geneva Conventions I, III,
and IV of 1949 have been committed by the occupational
authorities and forces. War crimes such as willful
killing, torture or inhumane treatment, unlawful
detention, deportation or transfer of civilians, unlawful
transfer of POWs; denying civilians or POWs
of fair trial rights; hostage taking, and wanton
destruction and appropriation of property [18] were all
committed by the occupation and its assigned government.
If we add other more than million death casualties as a
result of USA imposed comprehensive sanctions on Iraq
from 1991-2003, it is very clear that a planned Genocide
have been committed against the Iraqi people [35]. 34 "US Troops Bulldoze Crops" http://news.independent.co.uk/low-res/story.jsp?story=452375&host=3&dir=75 35 Ian Douglas US Genocide in Iraq http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/NotesOnGenocideInIraq.pdf 2007 ________________________________________________________- 3.0 Contamination of Iraq with Depleted Uranium Depleted Uranium (DU) weapons are manufactured from radioactive waste generated during the enrichment process of natural uranium as part of the nuclear fuel cycle. American and British armed forces fired DU bullets and projectiles for the first time against the human population and environment in Iraq during Gulf War I, 1991[36]. About 320 tons of DU expenditure was used to destroy the withdrawing Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Large areas in both
Kuwait [37] and Southern Iraq are contaminated by the
shell casing, fragments, shrapnel, and microscopic DU
oxides. Figure 6 shows contaminated areas in southern
Iraq as in 1991[38]. Figure 6 Contaminated areas in southern Iraq after Gulf War I 1991 The
Pentagon refused to release any information about the
nature, amount, and locations of these weapons inside
Iraq. Exposure of American troops to these weapons during
combat, maneuvering, handling, storing, wind blown
towards Kuwait, DU oxides and re-suspended 36 Metal of Dishonor. Depleted Uranium Education Project, NY, USA 1997. 37 Bou -Rabee, F. Estimating the Concentration of Uranium in Some Environmental Samples in Kuwait after the 1991 Gulf War. Appl. Radiat Vol. 46, No 4, pp 217-220, 1995. Elsvier Science Ltd. UK. 38 Al-Azzawi, S. et al, Environmental Pollution Resulting from the Use of Depleted Uranium Weaponry Against Iraq During 1991, World International Conference on DU, Hamburg, Germany, 2003 http://www.grassrootspeace.org/wuwc_reader2_science.pdf - p.41 ________________________________________________________ contaminated dust
storms, all caused what we call the Gulf War syndrome.
Dominant wind direction in Iraq is NW-SE [40]. Figure 7
Sandstorms directions in studied area towards Kuwait [39](NOT
AVAILABLE) Not
knowing much about the nature of those weapons, the
destroyed artilleries between the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border
and Southern and Western Basra city up to Nasrya were
kept in place for about four years. The DU contaminated
tanks and artilleries are continuous sources of
radioactive contamination. The American Administration is
totally responsible for the increased exposure of the
human population and other ecological species to DU
oxides and particles through daily direct contact with
the destroyed tanks, the continuous exposure to
contaminated dust storms towards heavily populated Basra
city, the contaminated food chain where these artilleries
acted as good water conduits for the natural grasses and
vegetation cover for the sheep to graze on, and other
related environmental pathways[40] 39 (KSC), Kuwait Oil
Company, "Physical damages to the Desert Surface",
contract No. 93B2U2, ERU/6.5/03B, 1993. 40
Maguar, A.J.Effects of DU Weapons on Human and
Natural Environment in Selected Areas in Southern
Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis in Environmental Engineering,
College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, 1999. 15 Radioactivity
measurements related to DU contamination started in Iraq
after two years of contaminating the area. Detection of
Kharange, Shamia Airfield, Jabal Sanam, and Gudairat Al-Audhaimi
areas, west and south of Basra City, were done in 1993 by
a team from Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission and Science
College of Baghdad University [41]. In 1996, a more
comprehensive exploration program was conducted by the
Environmental Engineering Department of Baghdad
University. Air, surface and ground water, soil, dust,
animal tissues and vegetation cover were all sampled.
Sampling and testing procedures were all conducted
according to the IAEC [38] [42]. Laboratory tests using
Gamma Spectrometry, High Purity Germanium Detector proved
the existing of DU related contamination through defining
the ratio of U235/U238 in the collected samples in areas
of Al-Zubair, Jabal Sanam, Safwan, Southern Rumaila Oil
Fields, and Northern Rumaila oil Fields.[43] [40] [44] [38]. Table
3 shows some of these results. Instead of helping the
people in Iraq to cope with the problem like they did in
Kuwait, the USA administration kept denying these results
claiming that the researchers were working with the (Government)
and that the results were called (Iraqi Government
Propaganda). The US Administration knew very well from
their members in UN Weapon search teams (MOVIC) that all
the DU related testing programs in Iraqi Atomic
Commission Laboratories were checked continuously by that
team. 41 International conference on DU, 2000, "Health, ecological, legal, and economic aspects of conventional radioactive weapons", committee of solidarity with the Arab Cause, Nov.,2000. 42 IAEA, Measurement of Radionuclide in food and Environment. Vienna, Tech. Rep. No 1, 1981. 43 Al-Heli, W.M. Effects of DU Weapons on Air and Soil Pollution in Southern Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis in Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 1998. 44
IAEA, Measurement of Radionuclide in food and
Environment. Vienna, Tech. Rep. No 1, 1981. Table 3
Selected Exposure and Soil Radioactivity Measurements in
Studied Area..
The studies included
modeling DU contamination through environmental pathways
to the Human body among the population in the
contaminated areas and Iraqi and the American troops.
Results of the modeling and risk assessment suggests that
the studied group have received an annual whole body dose
of (442-577) mSv from inhaling DU oxides compared to 2.4
mSv total annual dose the human body receives from all
radioactive sources in the environment [45]. Figure 8
shows environmental pathways considered in assessing the
risk in these studies [45]. Assessing the Respirable DUDA
Concentration in Air During 1991 War EventsRadiological
Risk Assessment of DU Related Contamination in Al-Basrah
AreaEffective Whole Body Dose (Sv)Integrated Lung
Radiation DoseAccumulated DUDA in Lungs (For the Period
Remained Active in Air)Human Inhalation Rate IntakeDose
Conversion Factor(Bq to Sv)External DoseIngestion
DoseMeat, Milk, VegetationInhalation DoseOn SoilOn
VegetableImmersion DoseDepositionOutdoor Emanation of Rn-222
and its Decay ProductsRe-suspended DU IsotopesResidual DU
Isotopes in Soil Next to the Destroyed TargetsConvert the
Lung Dose to Whole Body DoseNumber of
PopulationCollective Effective Dose Equivalent (man-Sv)Risk
Coefficient (1/Sv)Expected Health Effects(Fatal and non-Fatal
Cancer, Genetic Effect Cases) Figure 8
Environmental Pathways considered in assessing the risk
in these studies 45 Al-Azzawi, S., and
Al Naemi, A., 2002, Assessment of radiological
doses and risks resulted from DU contamination in the
highway war zone in Al-Basra governorate,
proceedings of the conference on the effects of the use
of DU weaponry on human and environment in Iraq, March 26-27
2002, Baghdad, Iraq. 18 The use of DU
supported weapons were continued in other parts and
locations of Iraq. Weapons as Tomahawk, Bunker Buster and
others with DU balancing weights [46] were all used in
1998, and other attacks on Iraq within the illegal no fly
zones, northern and southern Iraq. During the invasion
of Iraq military operations of 2003, American and British
armed forces used DU munitions in heavily populated areas
this time, like in Baghdad. Japanese researchers
Komara, Fujita and Furukawa, 2003 measured the isotopic
ratio of U235/U238 of the collected samples from areas
where DU munitions have been used. They used gamma
spectrometry high purity germanium analyzer (similar to
what was used by Iraqi researchers before them). The
results showed the existing of DU related contamination
in the samples that were claimed from areas of military
operations of 2003 [47]. A Major reason of
denying the health damages of (DU) weapons is the profits
the weapons industry is gaining from turning a harmful
hazardous nuclear waste into a multi billion dollar
business. By 2007, eighteen
countries are thought to have DU weapons in their
arsenals. These include UK, USA, France, Russia, Greece,
Turkey, Israel, Kingdom Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt,
Kuwait, Jordan, Pakistan, Oman, Thailand, China, India
and Taiwan [48]. The three US
companies that produce large caliber DU rounds are:
Alliant Techsystems, Day and Zimmerman/American Ordnance,
and the former Primex Technologies. The global DU waste
stockpiles all around the world have been estimated to be
1.3 million tons in 2001 with an annual increase of 50,000
tones [48]. Environmental organizations, groups, and
activists have been working last two decades to ban
Uranium weapons and armors. On the 22nd of March, 2007
Belgium was the first ever nation in the world to ban DU
weapons [49]. During November 2007 the UN First Committee
passed Depleted Uranium Resolution which requests that
states and international bodies submit a report on DU to
a UN General Assembly during next years session [50]. 46 William, Dai
Hazards of Uranium Weapons in the Proposed War on
Iraq full report.. The Eos life resources center.
Oct, 2002. 47 KOMURA, K., FUJITA,
X, and FURKAWA, M. "Isotopic Ratio of Depleted
Uranium Used in Iraq war". Japan Radiation Research,
vol. 46, no. 429, page 193, 2003. 48 Dug Weir, "The
facts on depleted Uranium", New internationalist,
Nov, 2007. 49 William Van Den
Panhuysen. "Belgium Bans Uranium Weapons and Armor".
ISBUW, March 24, 2007. 50 ICBUW, "UN
First Committee Passes DU Resolution in Landslide Vote"
Nov. , 2007 http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/ 19 4.0 Synergic Health
Effects as a result of using DU weapons on starving,
depressed population of Iraq Depleted Uranium is
considered as both radioactive and toxic. Previous
studies of the DU health effects have concluded that
neither of these characteristics poses a significant risk
to human health. The increasing number
of cancer incidences among the Iraqi populations of
southern Iraq after the use of DU [51], as well as
miscarriages, congenial malformations [51],
childrens Leukemia [52], and the Gulf War Syndrome
amongst the American veterans who served in Gulf War I,
1991 all made the specialists suspect these conclusions.
A serious debate has been going on for more than fifteen
years about which of the following characteristics of DU
is more harmful: radiological, toxic or the combination
of both. When DU munitions hit
the target, they ignite prophetically and generate heat
that reaches a temperature of 3000-6000]. This heat
causes a sublimation of DU and other metals to form a gas
or aerosol that is considered as (nano-particles)[53]. The nano-particles
can cross the lung-blood barrier and gain entrance to the
cells and create free radicals. This is an effect of
ionizing radiation. The other effect of DU comes from the
fact that it is classified as a toxic heavy metal. Heavy
metal toxicity attacks the proteins in the cell which
normally fights the free radicals and creates additional
free radicals [53]. This causes an oxidative stress that
leads to failure of protective enzymes, damaging the
cellular communication system and the mitochondria. Free
radicals can also disrupt the proteins folding process of
(DNA), this misrouting of proteins causes certain
diseases such as cystic fibrosis, diabetes insipidus and
cancer. Amassing and
accumulation of misfolded proteins leads to
neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons disease.
Gulf veterans have manifested many of the symptoms of
these neurodegenerative diseases. Other effects are [53]: - Immune and Hormonal
systems damage - Distribution of
thyroid function - Mycoplasmal
Invasion to human body - Tetrogenic Toxicity,
where soluble DU oxides crosses the placenta to the fetus.
As a result damages might range from behavioral problems
to mental retardation and congenital malformations. 51 Kimberly Bernard,
Martia Butcher, Roy Farrell MD, Robert McGould MD,
Michael McCally MD."DU: Health and Public Health
Issues Arising from the use of Depleted Uranium Munitions".
Physicians for social Responsibility, Oct 2005. 52 Korhler, R.C.
"Spreading Cancer, Depleted Uranium turns Bush's
lies into high-tech horror". http://www.uruknet.info/
, June 27, 2006 53 Rosali Bertell
"Depleted Uranium: All the questions about DU and
Gulf War Syndrome are not yet answered".
International Journal of Health Service 36(3), 503-520,
2006 20 Studies proved that
the Gulf War I male veterans were twice as likely- and
female veterans almost three times as likely- to report
children with birth defects than counterparts who did not
serve in the first Gulf War [53]. In her analysis, Dr.
Bertell emphasized that carcinogenic properties of
Uranium are linked to the lowered immunity in the
individual where a depressed immune system often changes
the status of subclinical cancer into a clinically
diagnosable cancer [53]. Other related important studies
related to these aspects are of A. Miller, et al [54] [55],
and H. Schroder [56]. As we can see, these
scientific findings and evidences explain what some of
the Iraqi researchers published back in 1998 about the
final stages of the damaging health effects of DU on the
human population in DU contaminated areas of Basra and
its suburbs. At that time, most of the Iraqi researchers
couldnt explain the mechanism and the ways these
contaminants acted within the human body. Such studies of Alim
Yacoub, Emad Al-Sadoon, Jenan Hassan, and Huda Ammash
showed the following [57] [58] [59] [60]: - Five to six fold
increase in Cancer incidences with change in Pattern and
geographical distribution towards contaminated areas in
Basra City. - Appearance of more
of one type of cancer in the same family or person. - Higher rates of
congenital abnormalities among Basra population. - Increase of
infertility cases, renal and hepatic dysfunction,
cardiovascular diseases. - Among the studied
Gulf War 1 Iraqi veterans, 1425 cancer cases registered
from 1991 to1997. These cases included Lymphoma, Leukemia,
and Lung Cancer respectively. 54 A. Miller, et al.
"Genomic instability in human osteoblast cells after
exposure to depleted Uranium: Delay lethality and
micronuclei formation". Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity. vol.64(2-3), 2003 (PP 247-259). 55 A. Miller, et al,
"Effect of the military-relevant heavy metal,
depleted uranium and heavy metal tungsten-alloy on gene
expression in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2)."
Mol. Cell Biochem. vol. 255(1-2). Jan. 2004 (PP. 247-56) 56 Chroder, H. et al.
"Chromosome aberration analysis in peripheral
lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War veterans".
Radiation Prot. Dosimetry. Vol. 103(3) 2003 (PP. 211-219). 57 Yaqoub, A., Ajeel,
N., and Al-Wiswasy, M., 1998, Incidence and pattern
of malignant diseases (excluding leukemia) during 1990-1997,
Proceeding of the conference on health and environmental
consequences of DU used by U.S. and British forces in the
1991 Gulf War, Dec. 2-3, 1998, Baghdad, Iraq. http://www.irak.be/ned/archief/Depleted%20Uranium_bestanden/DEPLETED%20URANIUM-3-%20INCIDENCE.htm 58 Al-Sadoon, I.,
Hassan, J., and Yaqoub, A., 1998, Incidence and
pattern of congenital anomalies among birth in Basrah
during the period 1990-1998, Proceeding of the
conference on health and environmental consequences of DU
used by U.S. and British forces in the 1991 Gulf War, Dec.
2-3, 1998. http://www.irak.be/ned/archief/Depleted%20Uranium_bestanden/DEPLETED%20URANIUM-1-%20INCIDENCE.htm 59 Yaqoub, A., et.al.,
1999, Depleted Uranium and health of people in
Basrah: an epidemiological evidence; 1-The incidence and
pattern of malignant diseases among children in Basrah
with specific reference to leukemia during the period of
1990-1998, the medical journal of Basrah University
(MJBU), vol.17, no.1&2, 1999, Basrah, Iraq. 60 Ammash, H., Alwan,
L., and Maarouf, B.,Genetic hematological study for
a selected population from DU contaminated areas in Basra.
Proceeding of the conference on the effects of the use of
DU weapons on human and environment in Iraq, Baghdad,
Iraq 2002. 21 Other registered
types are; bone, liver, brain, gastrointestinal, and
pancreatic cancer case One important factor
that might explain these health damages is the joined
impact of the sanction and the DU contamination.
Starvation of the Iraqi population during the Nineties
with the intensive exposure to DU contaminants caused
serious damages to their immune system. Damages of the
body immune system disabled their body to fight the
initiation of cancer and other previously mentioned DU
related health damages. The synergic effects of both the
sanction and DU contamination have resulted in the
previously mentioned multifold health damages in
contaminated areas. Thousands of cases
should be studied in relation to DU contamination in Iraq
to find the proper ways and treatments to reduce the
losses. The American Administration suppressed all
suggested studies related to this issue in Iraq. This is
a criminal act against the people and environment of Iraq. The Minister of
Environment under the occupation government finally
admitted in 2007 the existence of more than 350 highly
contaminated related to DU sites. She also admitted the
existing of high rate of cancer in Iraq due to the use of
Depleted Uranium weapons [61]. The occupation bears
total responsibility for the increasing health damages as
a result of using DU weapons in Iraq and not taking any
serious action to confine the problem. After seventeen
years, and the death of thousands of Iraqi men, women,
and children due to the use of DU, the International
organizations are not permitted to conduct any
exploration programs to assess the risks posed on human
population and environment in Iraq [62], the way it was
done in Kosovo in 1997 and 2000 [63]. The problem is still
ongoing, where millions of Iraqis breathe, ingest, and
are being exposed continuously to DU oxides and particles
absorbed to soil and sand in the contaminated areas, not
discriminating between civilians and the troops and the
targets they were shot at during military operations. To Iraqis, the DU
attacks continue, adding more and more victims each day.
DU weapons are illegal according to the Hague Convention
of 1907 of poisons, the 1925 Protocol on Gases, Protocol
I of the 1983 convention on Conventional
weapons that prohibit non-detectable fragments and
indiscriminate [63]. 61 Sunday Herald,
"WHO suppressed scientific study into depleted
uranium cancer fears in Iraq". Feb 22, 2004 62 RIA Novoski "Iraqis
blame US depleted Uranium for surge in cancer" 63 WEP,
Depleted Uranium in Kosovo Post Conflict
Environmental Assessment. Geneva, 2001. 22 4.1 Violations of
Occupation to International Humanitarian Law: The US/British
occupation of Iraq has gravely breached humanitarian law
in the flowing aspects [18]: 1. Dismissing Iraqi
national military and security force. Article 2 of each
of four Geneva Convention of 1949, and articles (42-56)
of the Hague Regulations addresses obligations imposed on
occupying power towards occupied people. One major duty
that was totally affected by dissolving the Iraqi Armed
Forces was the failure of ensuring life, health and
safety of the civilian population of Iraq. 2. Failure of
ensuring basic human needs such as food, water and
healthcare where article 54 of Protocol Additional I
provides a clear statement regarding these issues. 3. Using military
tactics and attacking using prohibited weapons e.g. DU,
cluster bombs, Napalm, White Phosphorus
etc. And
excessive use of firepower against civilians. 4. Breakdown of
Iraqs medical infrastructure and continuous attacks
on hospitals (Geneva Conventions IV, Articles 18-23, 55
and 56) consider carrying out military operations against
medical facilities, personnel or vehicles as serious
violations of humanitarian law. 5. Failing to protect
the lives of Iraqi civilians. More than one million [19]
of Iraqs population has died for different reasons
since the invasion. Article 16 of the Geneva Convention
IV, the occupation authority and military forces are
obligated to account for civilian deaths. 6. Worsening of
economic conditions, unemployment and deterioration of
womens rights and living conditions. 7. Violation of
childrens rights of a secure life. Kidnapping,
children school drop-out, under-age and children
employment all the responsibility of the occupation. 8. Large scale
illegal detention of civilians and the use of torture and
abuse of basic human rights of detainees. State politicians and
leaders, military leaders, senior officers and field
officers are all considered accountable for crimes
committed against the people and environment of Iraq. According to the
Geneva Convention, the violators should be brought to
justice. The international community is urged to save the
Iraqi people, ending the US lead occupation of Iraq
through official recognition and support of all forms of
resistance, including armed resistance. Continuous use of
Depleted Uranium weapons since 1991 against the
population and the environment of Iraq is an act of crime.
The occupations total denial of the problem and
refusing to allow international agencies to conduct any
exploration programs to define the risk associated with
this contamination, has resulted in more exposure to
these radioactive pollutants, and more health damages. Ignoring DU related
health damages and the ongoing occupation of Iraq have
proved to the world how desperate the American
Administration is to control oil resources of the Middle
East. Occupation of Iraq is a catastrophic criminal act
that resulted in the death of over two million people and
forced about five million of the population to leave
their living areas inside and outside Iraq. The occupying forces
intentionally created a state of chaos during the
invasion in 2003 to facilitate committing genocide
against the Arab majority who refused the occupation of
Iraq, ultimately changing Iraqs demography and
national identity in favor of the occupations new
constitution and the minorities who helped them during
the invasion and occupation of Iraq. The occupation forces
and allies failed to comply with Article 2 of the four
Geneva Conventions of 1949, and articles (42-56) of the
Hague Regulations that addresses obligations imposed on
occupying powers towards occupied people. The occupation
forces and its assigned governments failed to ensure
basic human needs like potable water, food, medical care,
education, sanitation, and security. The excessive use of
power, besieging whole cities, illegal imprisonment of
civilians and even children, and occupation induced
poverty have all turned Iraq into a death camp. The international
community is urged to help Iraqis gain back their
independence and sovernity through getting the occupation
forces out of Iraq and through refusing any shape of
colonial, long term security treaties that would
facilitate taking over the country and control the oil of
Iraq through permanent
foreign army bases. wi - Associate Professor in
Environmental Engineering. Dr. Souad N. Al-AzzaIraq,
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Depleted Uranium in Kosovo Post Conflict
Environmental Assessment. Geneva, 2001. OTHER TEXTS BY dR. aL aZZAWI
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